Bowlby became one of the first
Bowlby became one of the first to map out stages of attachment, addressed in his writings, including his 1980 book, Attachment and Loss. Bowlby suggested that from birth until about the age of three months, babies are in the initial pre-attachment phase. Here, infants simplyneed to be held and demonstrate no preference for who
does the [...]
Research in the 1950s
Research in the 1950s, however, cast these theories into doubt. One of the most famous research studies in this area was performed by Harry Harlow. He placed infant monkeys in a cage with two surrogate mother dolls: one made of wire holding a bottle of milk and the other made of soft cloth. According to [...]
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Attachment
An emotional bond between an infant or animal and its caregiver, contributing to the infant or ani-mal’s experience of safety, comfort, and security while in the caregiver’s presence and distress when temporarily separated.
Many developmental psychologists view attachment—the special relationship between infant and caregiver— as an important building block for later relationships and adult personality. Since [...]
James and John Stuart Mill
James and John Stuart Mill (father and son philosophers) continued to examine associationism into the 19th century. The elder Mill proposed a mechanistic theory that linked ideas together in “compounds,” especially through the principle of contiguity. The younger Mill, whose defining metaphor for the association of ideas was “mental chemistry,” differed from his father in [...]
Associationism
The view that mental processes can be explained in terms of the association of ideas.
Advanced primarily by a succession of 18th- and 19th-century British philosophers, associationism anticipated developments in the modern field of psychology in a variety of ways. In its original empiricist context, it was a reaction against the Platonic philosophy of innate ideas [...]
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Assimilation
An aspect of adaptation proposed by French psychologist Jean Piaget.
In the cognitive development theory of Jean Piaget, assimilation is one of two complementary activities involved in adaptation, the process of learning from and adjusting to one’s environment. assimilation consists of taking in new information and incorporating it into existing ways of thinking about the [...]
A projective test gives the subject
A projective test gives the subject a greater opportunity for imaginative freedom of expression than does a personality inventory, where the questions are fixed beforehand Projective tests present individuals with ambiguous situations which they must interpret, thus projecting their own personalities onto those situations. The best known projective test is the Rorschach Psychodiagnostic Test, or [...]
Assessment, psychological
The assessment of personality variables.
Psychological assessment is used for a variety of purposes, ranging from screening job applicants to providing data for research projects. Most assessment methods fall into one of three categories: observational methods, personality inventories, or projective techniques.
Observational assessment is performed by a trained professional either in the subject’s natural setting (such as [...]
